Few haplotypes displayed statistically significant aggregation in one region over another. We found that populations of both examined species were characterized by a high gene flow within populations, with all of the major haplotypes distributed across the entire examined area. In agreement with previous studies, we found low heterozygosity in M. migrans and 3 F1 hybrid individuals collected across central Europe. Here, we analyzed the mitochondrial ( CO1 and CytB) and nuclear ( Myc) DNA loci of 184 M. migrans hybrid offspring have been found, F2 and F3 hybrids have only rarely been reported, with low nesting success rates of F1 hybrids and partial hybrid sterility likely playing a role. The species was in decline until the 1970s due to persecution and has declined again since the 1990s due to ingestion of rodenticide-treated baits, illegal poisoning and changes in agricultural practices, particularly in its core range. milvus is endemic to the western Palearctic and has an estimated total population of 20–24,000 breeding pairs. Among Accipitriformes sensu stricto, only a few species have been reported to form hybrid zones these include the red kite Milvus milvus and black kite Milvus migrans migrans.
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